Bar chart
Average speed estimate by the verb in the question
Same film, same crash: only the verb in the question changed
Results from Loftus and Palmer's 1974 car crash experiment, where people who watched the same film estimated speed differently depending on the verb in the question. It is the classic evidence that wording changes answers, and a reminder to check AI-drafted interview questions for loaded words before you run them. Koji's research assistant can rewrite a single leading question on request.
Where this appears
What's in this bar chart
| Average estimate | |
|---|---|
| Smashed | 40.8 mph |
| Collided | 39.3 mph |
| Bumped | 38.1 mph |
| Hit | 34 mph |
| Contacted | 31.8 mph |
Use this image
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<a href="https://www.koji.so/visuals/loftus-palmer-leading-question-speed-estimates"><img src="https://www.koji.so/visuals/loftus-palmer-leading-question-speed-estimates/loftus-palmer-leading-question-speed-estimates.png" alt="Bar chart of average speed estimates by verb in Loftus and Palmer's 1974 experiment, from 40.8 mph for smashed to 31.8 mph for contacted." width="1200" height="631" /></a>
<p>Source: <a href="https://www.koji.so/visuals/loftus-palmer-leading-question-speed-estimates">Average speed estimate by the verb in the question</a>, Koji</p>
